Michigan Tech Global Campus News

Author: Shelly Galliah

How to Become a Medical Statistician

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Medical statisticians analyze data to prevent and predict diseases.

Accurate measurements and data analyses are invaluable throughout healthcare systems. That is, sound statistical methods in clinical trials, university research, and hospital operations are crucial to better patient outcomes. Medical statisticians – also known as biostatisticians – are key to setting the foundations of medical research and to clinical decision-making.

Medical statisticians regularly require both applied statistics expertise and healthcare industry knowledge. Merging these knowledge areas is possible with a graduate-level education. If this career intrigues you, read on about the responsibilities in this role.

A Medical Statistician’s Job Responsibilities

Medical statisticians design clinical studies and quality improvement projects. They also perform other data-gathering methods in healthcare settings. That is, they are involved in every step of a project’s development from study design through publication of research results.

Typical employers for medical statisticians include the following:

  • Integrated healthcare systems
  • Pharmaceutical and medical equipment companies
  • Public health departments
  • University research institutes and medical schools

Statisticians in healthcare settings may simultaneously oversee studies and projects in different stages. For instance, take the example of a medical statistician employed by a pharmaceutical company. This statistics professional might work on one of more of the following tasks in a day:

  • Optimizing sample sizes for upcoming clinical trials of new medications and products
  • Updating case report forms with data from ongoing trials
  • Modeling trial results for data on positive and negative impacts
  • Writing the methods section for an application to a regulatory body like the FDA

Because health statisticians are involved with many aspects of healthcare, their careers are highly collaborative. Medical statisticians might team up with physician-scientists, medical writers, clinical managers, and regulatory affairs specialists. They may also work with statisticians at other organizations as part of large-scale research projects.

Preparing For a Medical Statistician Career

An undergraduate degree with a mathematics focus is a good starting point for a career in medical statistics. Professionals pursuing nursing or other care-focused degrees may also leave statistics career options open by taking a few college courses. Truly, successful coursework in calculus, linear algebra, and statistics is helpful no matter your college degree.

However, the most common entry point into a medical statistician career is a master’s degree in applied statistics. Students in this graduate program learn how to use statistical methods to analyze and to solve real-world challenges. Medical statisticians typically build advanced skills in the following areas during their graduate education:

  • Designing and evaluating experiments
  • Communicating research results to stakeholders
  • Employing programming languages, such as R and Python to solve problems
  • Using SAS software for data mining and analysis

Success as a medical statistician, however, extends beyond fluency in statistics and data analytics. That is, medical statisticians also need project management skills to oversee junior staff members and balance research responsibilities. They also require a rich understanding of medical ethics and professional standards.

Looking Ahead: Career Prospects and Salary for Medical Statisticians

A graphic of a bar chart and a trend line.

Increasing complexity in clinical research and health services means there is a high demand for medical statisticians. Overall, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects a 30% growth in jobs for all statisticians from 2022 to 2032.

This projection far exceeds the estimated 3% growth in jobs for all occupations during the same period. What this growth comes down to is a need for about 10,600 statisticians.

And this long-term demand for statistics professionals in health fields translates into above-average salaries. The BLS found a median salary of $104,860 for mathematicians and statisticians in 2023. Experience and specialized knowledge may lead to higher salaries, with the top 10% of earners reporting salaries of at least $161,300.

Aspiring medical statisticians can boost their career prospects by studying at a leading university. A graduate education focused on the latest methods and tools prepares statisticians for future opportunities. Michigan Tech University offers a Master of Science in Applied Statistics that achieves these goals.

Acquiring Medical Statistician Skills at Michigan Tech

Michigan Tech’s innovative Online MS in Applied Statistics Degree provides entryways into in-demand fields such as medical statistics and others. This program is also flexible. It offers seven-week courses for accelerated learning opportunities as well as three possible start dates. And Michigan Tech does not require GRE or GMAT scores in its free graduate application process.

Applied statistics students work with experienced faculty members on several subjects including the following:

  • Computational Statistics
  • Design and Analysis of Experiments
  • Regression Analysis
  • Time Series Analysis and Forecasting

Prospective students with undergraduate calculus, linear algebra, and statistics coursework are well-positioned for admission into the program. Also, a ten-week bridge course is available for incoming students who need to brush up on their linear algebra skills.

Join Us to Learn More About Applied Statistics.

But a medical statistician is just one example of a possible data-driven career made possible by advanced education in Applied Statistics. Want to learn more about the courses and the program structure in Michigan Tech’s online MSAS program? Explore other career trajectories?

Then attend our virtual interest session on Tuesday, November 12, 2024, at 11:30 AM ET.

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Designing for Sustainability and Climate Change: Two Challenges Facing Civil Engineers

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A flood with vast infrastructure damage: one of the problems civil engineers must face.

Civil engineers, often known as the people’s engineers, leave their mark everywhere. The sidewalks we run on, the roads we drive on, the buildings we work in, the clean water we swim in. These structures and assets have all been made possible by various types of civil engineers. In general, civil engineers focus on the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure systems, such as roads, bridges, dams, water supply systems, and buildings

In short, civil engineering is a broad discipline encompassing various sub-fields. These include structural engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering, and more. Because of these connected sub-fields, civil engineers often take a holistic approach to their projects. That is, they must consider factors, such as safety, sustainability, and efficiency when designing, constructing, and maintaining infrastructure systems.

Whatever their specialty, it is clear that civil engineers face both challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. Two of these challenges are designing for sustainability and resilience, especially in the face of climate change.

Designing For Sustainability and Reduced Environmental Impact

Along with contending with aging infrastructure, civil engineers are increasingly required to design and construct projects that minimize environmental impact, reduce carbon footprints, and implement sustainable materials and practices.

What is Sustainability?

The UN World Commission on Environment and Development defines sustainable development as “that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” For the EPA, pursuing sustainability means creating and maintaining the conditions “under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony.” Sustainability is more than just a buzzword. That is, it is a commitment and a set of practices, a better way forward that balances the environment, human health, equity, and the economy.

Sustainable practices are based on the principle that materials and resources are finite. That is, we should use resources mindfully and conservatively to preserve them for future generations.

Civil Engineers Help to Construct a Pillar of Sustainable Design

Implementing sustainable practices is especially relevant for large (and often intrusive) commercial buildings that expend both a lot of space and energy.

One stellar example of sustainable design and construction is the Bullitt Center in Seattle, WA, which opened on April 22, 2013. Designing and constructing “the greenest commercial building in the world” required a vast, multidisciplinary team of architects and plumbers, as well as mechanical, electrical, and civil engineers.

Side view of the Net-zero Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington
The Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington Photo by Joe Mabel under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

The Bullitt Center is a Net-Zero-Energy certified. Annually, it generates as much energy as it consumes.

How is this rating possible?

Through design (high-performance windows, super-insulated walls, and advanced HVAC systems) and a huge roof-top photovoltaic array, it achieves its energy efficiency.

Engineers also constructed include 26 geothermal wells extending 400 feet (120 m) into the ground. At this depth, the temperature is a constant 55 °F (13 °C). These wells help in temperature regulation: keeping the building warm in the winter and cool in the summer.

The building is also Net-Zero-Water. Composting toilets and low-flow fixtures drastically reduce water consumption. The collection and treatment of rain (a 52,000-gallon tank, to be exact) provides drinking water. And gray water recycling is used for irritation and non-potable uses.

And its indoor environment is just as sustainable and healthy as its impact on the planet. The building is constructed from local non-toxic, low-environmental impact materials, such as timber sourced from sustainably managed forests. Natural ventilation and ample daylighting also add to the healthy workspace. There is even a green roof for managing storm water and reducing heat island effect.

Sustainability at Michigan Tech

In short, the Bullitt Center, made possible by civil engineers and other experts, is a model of sustainable design and construction. It demonstrates the possibility of creating buildings that are environmentally responsible, economically viable, and aesthetically pleasing.

Michigan Tech, too, has made strides in sustainability.

MTU has a long history of engaging in research on sustainability. For instance, most recently, David Shonnard (Chemical Engineering) and Dr. Steve Techtmann (Biological Sciences) have led multidisciplinary teams to attack the problem of plastic waste. One of their solutions is converting plastics to protein powder.

Michigan Tech’s Sustainability Demonstration House allows students to become involved in a sustainable living experiment.The Michigan Tech Alternative Energy Enterprise team transformed the former house into a net-zero home. And the new H-STEM complex was also designed in accordance with LE-ED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) principles.

The university has also recognized the need to transition to more environmentally-friendly construction through using renewable and recyclable materials, such as mass timber. Dr. Mark Rudnicki, for instance, leads a CLT (cross-laminated-timber) project that makes use of local and abundant hardwood species.

Creating Resilient Infrastructure That Withstands Hazardous Events and Climate Change

Civil engineers must design for not only sustainability, but also resilience. That is, they must create infrastructure that can withstand the myriad effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, increased flooding, extreme weather events, and changing temperature patterns.

Heat-Resistant and Energy-Efficient Buildings

Some of the innovations of the Bullit Center also work for smaller, non-commercial buildings. Civil engineers can help by designing buildings–big or small–to be energy-efficient by installing cool roofs and using advanced insulation, natural ventilation, and renewable energy sources. These changes can help structures withstand the high temperatures that often come with climate change.

Improved Stormwater Management Systems

Contending with stormwater, so that it doesn’t damage other structures, has become increasingly challenging due to climate change. Civil engineers can help, though, by designing and creating green infrastructure. For instance, green roofs (such as in the Bullitt Center), permeable pavement such as porous asphalt, and rain gardens can all reduce runoff and therefore improve storm water management. Green roofs and bioswales, in fact, are a central component of New York City’s Green Infrastructure Plan.

Flood-Resistant Infrastructure

Flood-resistant infrastructure, though mentioned last here, is probably at the top of the list. To contend with floods, civil engineers must rethink how they design roads, bridges, and transit systems. One solution is building all of these at higher elevations. This height can prevent flooding when there are rising sea levels, storm surges, or intense flood events like that of June 17, 2018.

For those who missed the 2018 Father’s Day Flood, it was terrifying. In under nine hours, at least seven inches of rain fell. A landslide tore through the Ripley neighborhood, throwing down boulders that wiped out peoples’ houses. The rain flooded multiple homes, decimated yards, created 60 sinkholes, and washed out over 150 roads. And all this damage happened in an area that was not categorized as a flood plain.

The torrential rain also destroyed the Swedetown Gorge, the highlight of the Maasto-Hiihto trail system in Hancock, MI. The pounding water transformed its gentle stream into a raging river that uprooted trees and tossed boulders. Bridges collapsed, their wooden structures and concrete slabs jutting unnaturally and precariously out of the river. The trail on which people hike, ski, and bike suddenly became unnavigable, its infrastructure decimated.

“We could not help but be humbled by seeing a two-year-old new bridge with concrete abutments, a bridge that was 16 feet long and 12 feet wide and fabricated from heavy steel girders, being washed down stream 200 feet.”

John Diebel

Swedetown Gorge: A Case Study

When the FEMA money finally came through and engineers got to work planning and rebuilding those bridges, there were certainly challenges. Problems to solve that involved negotiating with nature and recognizing that climate change could bring another extreme flood event.

Adapting Bridge Structure

To prepare for another flood, civil engineers repositioned the bridges and designed them a little differently this time. They were higher and stronger to agree with the science. That is, bridges had to meet the current design criteria enforced by Michigan’s Environment, Great Lakes, Energy team. These criteria are based on stream and watershed flow calculations maintained by the agency.

For instance, along with elevating the bridges, engineers included wing walls in the design of the new concrete bridge abutments. These walls improve the bridges’ ability to survive intense flooding. Side railings, included as a safety feature, also created aesthetic appeal.

And engineers kept sustainability in mind by saving both resources and money. They reused the original 2016 middle bridge, which got its second life further downstream.

The beginning of the first bridge.

The beginning of constructing the middle bridge in the MH trail system.

Middle bridge construction in the Swedetown Gorge

Concrete foundation of the boardwalk.

Stress-testing the boardwalk.

Replacing Bridges With a More Resilient Boardwalk

Unfortunately, two of the gorge’s original bridges were built on silty soil, rare for that area. When an old earthen dam (originally used for potato field irrigation) collapsed and pushed a large sediment load towards Portage Lake, it left significant silt deposits at the mouth of Swedetown Creek. The force of the water in the Father’s Day Flood pushed even more silt into the creek while changing and widening the channel.

According to John Diebel, “We were reluctant to follow the original trail route and rebuild the bridge structures similar to the original structures. . . . Given the more erodible nature of the soil in that silty area, we had doubts about that erodible bump surviving another ten to twenty years.” There was also the problem of steep upper terrain to deal with. And the issue of building on a wetland.

The solution was a somewhat risky one requiring a significant trail reroute that avoided the silty soil. In the end, “we decided to take our chances with the wetland” (Diebel) and construct a 550-feet long, 12-foot wide walkway: a structure that is not only beautiful, but also sustainable. Boardwalks, which are used extensively on the North County Trail in the Ottawa National Forest, have little impact on the natural drainage of wetlands. Galvanized steel (swamp) pans with brackets accommodating 4×4 posts helped support the structure.

After the construction came the testing. Using ATVs loaded with fill material, MJO (the project contractor) pre-stressed the boardwalk. Then, after they noted the reaction of the structure to the stress, they deployed a few more swamp pans to reinforce the side beams. In the end, the boardwalk passed the test, maybe with flying colors. That is, it turned out that the sandy soil provided far more support than expected.

Preparing Engineers at Michigan Tech

This blog just touched on a few examples of  the upcoming challenges of designing for sustainability, climate change, extreme weather events, and more. Michigan Tech can help engineers prepare for these and other challenges.

The university has long had a commitment to sustainability in both research and practice. MTU also has several programs that address sustainability topics, such as the online certificate in engineering sustainability and resilience (CEGE). In addition, the CFRES offers both a bachelor’s degree in sustainable bioproducts and one in environmental science and sustainability.

For structural engineering, the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering offers a certificate in bridge design as well as others for specific areas. There is also a customizable Online MS in Civil Engineering in which you can focus on either structural engineering or water resources engineering.

Whatever your interest, these programs can help you think, design, and create to solve the problems of both today and tomorrow.

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Asset Management Certification Comes to MTU

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A bridge over clear water.

Great news! Michigan Technological University (MTU) has recently become a corporate member with the IAM: The Institute of Asset Management.

The IAM is a not-for-profit international professional body dedicated to the whole-life management of physical assets. Established in 1994, its aim is to develop asset management knowledge and best practices while generating awareness of the benefits of the asset management discipline for individuals, organizations, and wider society.

Currently, this body consists of 2000 individual and 300 corporate members, as well as a global network of 46,000 people.

What is Asset Management?

Assets are anything with potential or actual value to an organization, customers, users, or stakeholders. For instance, investment firms, which contain financial assets and infrastructure portfolios, perform asset management. Insurance companies also use asset management to reduce risk, which helps stabilize or decrease premiums to their customers.

In civil engineering, though, asset management is the science and coordinated activity for the long-term care and maintenance of infrastructure systems, facilities, and other civil assets. The objective is ensuring that users, customers, and stakeholders receive the highest value. In other words, this discipline goes far beyond the design and the building of structures.

This discipline is a crucial one because public assets are everywhere. Transportation systems, long-span bridges, potable water distribution systems, stormwater conveyance systems, watersheds, dams, and trail networks are just a few examples.

This cross-functional field involves several disciplines, such as business, finance, risk management, and sustainable design. According to Mark Declercq, (professional engineer (PE), and MTU Alum (Bachelor’s and Master’s of Structural Engineering, ’88, ’90), AM “is more a business management tool than an engineering concept.”

MTU and IAM: An Advantageous Partnership

Michigan Tech will acquire several benefits through its IAM membership.

  • Networking opportunities with chapters and branches
  • In-person and online global events for asset management professionals
  • Discounts on membership fees and reduced rates for events
  • Access to several tools and resources to stay up to date on asset management topics, practices, and decision making. These include forums, a knowledge library, and a Digital version of Assets magazine

Even better: MTU’s membership also enables students to attain an individual membership for as little as $16 USD annually. 

But perhaps one of the biggest benefits is this one: students may receive certification from the IAM after taking Mark Declercq’s intense, practical, 14-week online course CEE5390: Civil Asset Management.

The certification successful CEE5390 graduates will receive.
Mark Declercq, professional engineer and CEE5390 instructor.
Declercq’s certification as an AMP.

Certification in Asset Management

That is, MTU is the first US university to have its students eligible for a formal certification from the IAM. Starting in Fall 2024, students will receive a Certificate in Asset Management upon receiving a letter grade “B” or better in CEE5390.

Those who gain expertise in technical topics in asset management earn this certificate. It represents one of the three opportunities to advance one’s asset management qualifications. The next two, in progression, are the Asset Management Diploma (advanced AM topics with a business focus); and Asset Manager Professional (received upon completion of an application, experience, and oral interview on seven core subjects in AM.)

Declercq, not only has 33 years of experience in the public and private sectors, but also impressively holds the certificate and is an Asset Manager Professional. He is also a professional engineer in the state of Michigan.

In addition, DeClercq is versed in LEAN Management and has a certificate from the Federal Emergency Management Agency program in Emergency Management. Memberships in the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Michigan Society of Professional Engineers round out his expertise.

His course, CEE5390, both demonstrates and analyzes asset management concepts as they are applied to traditional civil infrastructure systems. These include transportation, roads and bridges, water distribution, sanitary sewer collection, building facilities, airports, flood control, and parking structures. DeClercq knows that maintaining these systems is important now, more than ever before.

We’ve disinvested in our country’s infrastructure, “kicked the can down the road,” and lost the art of delivering on an asset’s life cycle for design, construction, operations, maintenance, and replacement. 

As global populations continue to grow, resources become more constrained, and the climate becomes an influential factor, being strategic about investment and care for infrastructure is critical.

Mark Declercq

Going Beyond Civil Engineering

CEE5390 has been carefully designed so that its fourteen modules align with the rigorous content of IAM’s official certification. After an introduction to the discipline, students dive into several topics that are necessary to building an asset management plan, such as organizational value, asset data, operational demand analysis, life cycle analysis, levels of service, asset risk assessment, contingency planning, and more.

Overall, the curriculum leverages students’ previous experience, courses, and degrees. That is, it addresses topics central to environmental engineering, mechanical engineering, environmental sustainability, business management, construction management, GIS, and more.

In other words, students from several disciplines can benefit from taking this course. “CEE5390 is also different from the past four years of schooling where analysis and design is emphasized. Asset management may seem a bit abstract since it envelops technical, business, risk, digital, human, and critical thinking skillsets into one practice” (Declercq). And then they apply these diverse problem-solving skills to a variety of industry asset types. 

And these skills are in-demand, too. That is, many government departments, such as the Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Interior for the National Parks System, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are embracing civil asset management principles. What this change means is that teams submitting proposals for government contracts must contain at least one AM professional. And on international projects, requesting this team member is fairly standard.

In the course, each of Declercq’s students will be choosing a real-world example that allows them to work through and apply the 10 basic steps for developing an asset management plan. In fact, one of the current students is Dr. Audra Morse (PE, BCEE, F.ASCE), chair of the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering.

Stay Tuned to Learn More About CEE5390.

We’ll be hearing more from Dr. Morse and other graduates in a follow-up blog on this innovative course. We wish them the best of luck in developing and applying their asset management skills!

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Rick Berkey Joins Global Campus

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Rick Berkey stands in front of the Michigan Technological University arch.
Rick takes a selfie in front of Michigan Tech’s arch.

Camping. Sounds like a cliché, but it was through this humble activity that Rick Berkey first discovered Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.

These trips inspired a love for the area that caused him to eventually wend his way to Michigan Tech.

That is, Berkey and his soon-to-be wife, Tiffany, had been regularly visiting the UP for three years.

But it was their trip to Copper Harbor in 2002 on their one-year anniversary that sealed the deal.

The natural beauty, outdoor activities, down-to-earth people, and peaceful, small-town life were all reasons they fell in love with the Keweenaw. Here, in their eyes, was the ideal place to raise a family. And even better: Rick was ready for a career change.

So, together, they started hatching a plan to relocate to the beautiful UP.

That plan finally came to fruition in 2006 when Rick accepted a position in the College of Engineering working with the Enterprise and Senior Design programs. With a two-year old daughter, two month-old son, dog, and cat all in tow, they made the 550-mile journey from Kalamazoo to Houghton, closed on their new house, and slept on the floor that night.

Sitting Down With Rick Berkey

A few career moves later, Rick is bringing his enthusiasm, expertise, and love of Michigan Tech to a new leadership role at Global Campus. Even though he is a busy man, he graciously took time out of his day to answer my questions.

Hello, thank you for agreeing to this interview. First, please state your title and your position at Global Campus. I know you’re a new team member, but so far, what duties comprise your role? 

My title is “Director of Global Campus and Continuing Education.”

In this role, I am responsible for the overall operations of Global Campus as it continues to grow and expand. These operations include staff and financial management, as well as collaboration with colleges and departments to oversee our portfolio of online degrees, certificates, and non-credit programs.

You previously served as Professor of Practice and Director of the Enterprise Program. Please tell us a little more about these roles and how they will help you in your new position at Global Campus.

In my previous appointment as a Professor of Practice, I thoroughly enjoyed teaching undergraduate students in the Enterprise Program. In this role, I developed and taught two courses in Six Sigma/continuous improvement methodologies. These courses were inspired by my corporate experience as a Six Sigma Black Belt. I also advised the Supermileage Systems Enterprise, a competition team that developed highly-efficient vehicles from the ground up.

These roles taught me to embrace experiential, hands-on, discovery-based learning, which can be time-intensive, messy, and sometimes uncomfortable. To me, though, these are all signs that the learning is working! Similarly, my teaching philosophy is based on learning as a partnership and creating an environment where everyone contributes to learning. One quote that really resonates with me is this one from Robert A. Heinlein: “When one teaches, two learn.”

My teaching experience definitely provides a valuable perspective when working with the faculty who are developing and delivering our online and non-credit programs. That is, I both understand and appreciate the challenges associated with course development, delivery, and assessment. Additionally, I have the opportunity to continue teaching in Global Campus. When I do so, I will be refreshing and adapting my Six Sigma courses for online/non-credit audiences.

As Director of the Enterprise Program (2015-2022), for example, I managed the operations of Michigan Tech’s signature experiential learning program: Enterprise. This program included industry partnerships, project development, financial and staff management, course scheduling, and event planning. It also entailed collaborating with 25+ faculty from across campus and assessing student learning outcomes for ABET accreditation. Again, this experience translates well into managing the operations of Global Campus.

You hold a Six Sigma Black Belt. Wow! Tell us a little more about this certifications, how/when you earned it.

Earning my Six Sigma Black Belt certification through Honeywell International was a career-changing experience. The training was intense and involved use of structured, data-driven problem-solving methods and statistical tools. It also included training in change management, which is often more important than what the data and statistics are telling you. My favorite part of the experience was applying my learning to the development and launch of the FRAM X2 Extended Guard oil filter product line. That is, I really enjoyed using statistics to develop our competitive performance claims. This task was important because these claims were advertised on the product packaging. Thus, these claims could be challenged legally by our competitors. So no pressure if I didn’t get it right!

I also used design of experiments (DOE) to optimize a new supplier’s manufacturing process, which was critical to both product performance and cost. At this moment, I am now reminded of the DOE I had to re-run because I missed an important factor in the process. After a 16-hour day, we discovered our test samples were defective and had to do it all over again. Our Director of Engineering was, shall I say, not happy.

Talk about learning from failure! I draw on this experience even now, and especially when teaching. Another favorite experience was teaching and mentoring our Six Sigma Green Belt candidates. In fact, this is ultimately what motivated me to transition from the corporate world to higher education.

I really believe that FAIL should be viewed as “First Attempt In Learning.”

Rick Berkey

And you are certified in Lean, as well, correct?

Yes! Fast forward 11 years later…not too long after I came to Michigan Tech, I “found my people” in the Office of Continuous Improvement. Those in the office were applying Lean to improve university processes. I quickly got involved with Lean Culture though several campus improvement projects and jumped at the chance to become a Lean Facilitator. Adding a certification in Lean has provided me with a complementary tool set to the more analytical, data-driven methods used in Six Sigma.

A favorite Lean experience of mine was working with Accounting Services on the “P-Card Kaizen.” We were able to streamline accounting processes by shifting purchases from purchase orders to p-cards. I especially enjoyed using control charts in Minitab to reveal before vs. after results. We also showed how the staff time saved could be redirected to higher-value work and tasks.

Overall, my exposure to the Lean and Six Sigma methodologies has really shaped how I approach work and life: systematic, data-driven, analytical, and improvement-minded.

Why get involved with online graduate education and online professional development programs? That is, why do YOU think online education matters?

Looking back on my own experience, I was a non-traditional student twice. The first time, I was taking night classes for my MBA. Then, I was working full-time for Honeywell and establishing my professional career. The second time, I was here at MTU earning my MSME while doing all the things I mentioned earlier. In both cases, I felt the college experience was designed for full-time students, not me. 

Although I was fortunate to have work flexibility to attend classes, it was still challenging to balance school and life. At the same time, I had a much stronger sense of why I wanted to learn something new. I also had more life experience to draw upon and to contribute in the classroom. And I know there are many more people out there in similar situations and who are motivated to continue learning and growing. 

When I look at the flexibility that Global Campus offers, coupled with the quality and reputation of Michigan Tech’s programs, I knew this was where I wanted to make an impact. 

So far, what has been the most rewarding and/or exciting part of your job? In other words, what gets you out of bed in the morning?

Tough question! There are so many exciting and rewarding elements for me in these first few months on the job! Global Campus is still relatively new and very dynamic. In many ways, it feels like a start-up that requires us to wear many hats and adopt an entrepreneurial mindset. 

That said, two things in particular help get me out of bed every morning. First, I find all the work we do with our education fellowships extremely rewarding. Whether it’s holding informational sessions, meeting with partners to explore their educational needs and interests, or assisting corporate employees enrolled in our programs, I am committed to serving our partners and helping them achieve their higher education goals. Secondly, I get excited about improving our processes and operations as we grow.

Recently, I’ve been doing a lot of listening and learning to establish a solid baseline of what we do and how we do it. I am now starting to identify some areas where we can streamline and scale how we operate, while maintaining or improving our quality and service. This improvement will ultimately allow us to serve more students and increase the impact and reach of Global Campus.

Berkey campsite at Ft. Wilkins Historic State Park in Copper Harbor, MI

Berkey campsite at Ft. Wilkins Historic State Park in Copper Harbor, MI

The Berkey family’s all-original 1969 Plymouth GTX on display at the 2024 End of the Road Car Show in Copper Harbor, MI

The Berkey family’s all-original 1969 Plymouth GTX on display at the 2024 End of the Road Car Show in Copper Harbor, MI

Rick’s 1978 BMW R100/7, parked near Great Sand Bay

Rick’s 1978 BMW R100/7, parked near Great Sand Bay

When you’re not working for Campus, what do you like to do in your free time? Where might we find Rick Berkey after work or on the weekend?

Outside of work, my family and I, like another Global Campus team member, really enjoy the outdoors. In particular, we love camping, boating, hiking, and nordic skiing. The great thing is that we can do all of these things after work or on the weekend. Copper Harbor is a favorite local destination. We also like to travel, and when we need to get our “second wind” during the long winters, we tend to go south to a sandy beach! With our families living 500+ miles away downstate and in Ohio, we also make time, of course, to visit them during holidays and summer vacations.

In addition to family activities, I personally enjoy classic vehicles: cars, motorcycles, boats, campers…you name it. I must be an “old soul”. In particular, I really enjoy researching the history of vehicles, doing restoration and maintenance, socializing with fellow collectors and enthusiasts, and especially searching for a new “investment,” as I tell my wife! 

Currently, I own three classic motorcycles as well as our family’s pride and joy: an all-original 1969 Plymouth GTX that was purchased new by my father. It’s an heirloom that will remain in the Berkey family for future generations.

Keeping Up With the New Director of Global Campus

Thanks for chatting! Readers, be sure to follow Rick Berkey and his exploits on Global Campus social media.

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Linear Algebra Bridge Course Returns for Fall 2024

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A 3-D representation of Linear Algebra equations.

On Monday, September 16, 2024, Teresa Woods is once again teaching her ten-week, noncredit, asynchronous, online course: Linear Algebra: A Bridge Course for Prospective Applied Statistics Students.

If you’re unfamiliar with the term bridge course, it is a short, intensive, preparatory course. Bridge courses help learners acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to enter advanced study, which might mean an undergraduate program, graduate degree, or graduate certificate. Often, these courses are meant for students who have been provisionally accepted into a program.

Woods’ course is an effective, low-cost option for prospective students who need the linear algebra requirement to enroll in MTU’s Online Master of Science in Applied Statistics program. However, those interested in brushing up on their linear algebra, so that they can later apply to the MSAS program could also take it.

The course’s very practical curriculum covers the fundamentals of linear algebra as they are used in applied statistics. Some of the topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • systems of equations
  • vectors
  • matrices
  • orthogonality
  • subspaces
  • the eigenvalue problem

Students will benefit from an interactive learning experience that will make the concepts stick. That is, the course involves helpful instructor-led videos, extensive auto-graded exercises in Pearson’s MyLab Math, periodic review assignments, and regular instructor feedback.

What is Linear Algebra?

Algebra is a broad field encompassing the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating them. It includes various sub fields, such as elementary algebra, abstract algebra, and number theory.

Linear algebra, a specialized branch of algebra, focuses on the study of vectors, vector spaces (or linear spaces), matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, linear transformations, and systems of linear equations. This foundational area of mathematics has applications in several fields, such as physics, computer science, engineering, economics, and applied statistics.

  • In physics, experts use linear algebra to describe physical systems, including quantum mechanics, classical mechanics, and relativity.
  • In engineering, those working in control theory, signal processing, and structural analysis recruit linear algebra tools.
  • Computer scientists use this branch of algebra in computer graphic creation, machine learning, data mining, and optimization problems.
  • Also, those in the field of economics apply linear algebra when modeling economic systems, analyzing input-output models, and optimizing resource allocation.

What is the Relationship Between Linear Algebra and Applied Statistics?

And, of course, linear algebra plays a key role in applied statistics.

Applied statistics is the implementation of statistical methods, techniques, and theories to real-world problems and situations in science, engineering, business, medicine, social sciences, and more.

It involves collecting, summarizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data to make informed decisions, analyze scenarios, solve problems, and answer questions.

Applied statisticians often use linear algebra to analyze and then visualize data.

Applied statisticians also use advanced techniques, such as machine learning algorithms, to extract insights and patterns from large datasets. They work in a wide range of places: research institutions, the government, business and finance, universities, healthcare systems, and more.

These experts regularly apply linear algebra, primarily because of its ability to handle large datasets and complex calculations efficiently. 

What Are Some Real-World Examples of Linear Algebra and Applied Statistics?

Here are a few scenarios in which linear algebra and applied statistics work together:

  • A statistician working for Netflix might collect and then simplify data on user ratings for various movies. Next, they would represent that data as a matrix and train the model. By uncovering patterns in the ratings, they could then use the model to generate an effective recommendation system. This approach is also widely used in e-commerce sites and music streaming services.
  • Furthermore, a real estate agent might use linear regression, a common method for determining outcomes, to predict how housing prices will increase or decrease in the next year. This information would help them price houses in their portfolio, estimate their commission, and so on.
  • In the healthcare sector, professionals use linear algebra and applied statistics. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) helps reduce the complexity of a large dataset by identifying key patterns and relationships between variables. Through this approach, health officials can then predict and intervene on disease outbreaks more effectively.
  • And, of course, linear algebra and applied statistics work together in several processes involving elections. These include voter segmentation and targeting, predictive modeling, analyzing voting patterns, polling analysis, and redistricting and gerrymandering.

About Your Instructor

Teresa Woods, associate teaching professor in Mathematical Sciences, is helming this course. Woods also advises students and serves as assistant to the department chair.

Woods’ received her Master’s of Science in Mathematical Sciences from Michigan Tech in 2017. Her master’s report “ANALYSIS OF ALEKS MATHEMATICS PLACEMENT TEST DATA” combined her two areas of expertise (and passions): mathematics and educational assessment. That is, she holds both an MS in Mathematical Sciences and an MS in Education (with a focus on adult learning.)

If you take this course, you’ll benefit from an instructor who has considerable experience in teaching, a wealth of enthusiasm for elementary linear algebra, and a rich history in designing and delivering online courses. 

Reach Out if You’d Like to Learn More.

Need advice on whether this course is right for you? If so, please contact Teresa Woods at tmthomps@mtu.edu. Or if you have questions about our online MSAS program, contact Amanda at globalcampus@mtu.edu.

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Foundations of Cybersecurity: New Certificate From MTU.

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Michigan Tech is offering both a in-person and online certificate in the Foundations of Cybersecurity. In nine credits, students will learn how to identify and describe the foundational principles of securing both a computer system and a computer network. They’ll also study the fundamentals of secure software development and apply them effectively.

This credential addresses cyber crime, a costly and dangerous global problem.

Brief Case Study: The WannaCry Ransomware Attack

Flash backward to seven years ago.

In 2017, the WannaCry ransomware worm spread rapidly across computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system.

This worm first encrypted files and then demanded ransomware payments–first 300$ and then 600$ in bitcoins. Unfortunately, even those who paid the ransom, such as a friend of this writer, still lost their files.

Screenshot of the 2017 WannaCry Ransomware attack.
The WannaCry Attack. Image Credit: (https://cdn.securelist.com/files/2017/05/wannacry_05.png/)

How did this attack happen? The worm wriggled its way in through a vulnerability in Windows’ Server Message Block (SMBv1) protocol (EternalBlue), used for file and printer sharing on Windows networks. Then, it installed DoublePulsar as the “backdoor” on compromised computers.

The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) had previously disclosed the Eternal Blue weakness. Then, a hacking group called the Shadow Brokers leaked it onto the web and cyber criminals took lurking in the shadows took notice. Within a few days, WannaCry affected at least 200,000 computers and 300,000 devices in more than 150 countries. The attack caused widespread disruption, particularly in critical sectors such as healthcare, telecommunications, and manufacturing. One of the most notable victims was the UK’s National Health Service (NHS), which canceled both appointments and operations, turning patients away.

Microsoft quickly released security patches for versions of Windows with the Eternal Blue vulnerability. However, it had actually sent security patches two months earlier, which hadn’t taken effect because many organizations hadn’t taken the time to update their systems. Oops!

Training in the Foundations of Cybersecurity is Needed Now More Than Ever.

This attack, then, not only underscored the importance of updating systems regularly to install timely security patches, but also the need to quickly implement protocols of backup and recovery. Even more so, WannaCry revealed the demand for more well-trained, cybersecurity professionals from government agencies, private sector companies, and other organizations who could collaborate on and react quickly to global cyber crime incidents.

Along with ransomware, cybersecurity professionals must be ready to battle Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), Phishing and Social Engineering, Zero-day attacks, high-profile data breaches, DDoS attacks, and many other types of cyber crime. The changing nature of cyber threats also requires organizations to continually improve their defenses and adapt to new attack vectors.

And digital transformation, vehicle electrification, robotic workplaces, and Industry 4.0 pose new challenges as well. That is, as organizations move to cloud environments and the IoT (Internet of Things) continues to proliferate, cybersecurity professionals must safeguard infrastructures and predict possible vulnerabilities.

More troubling news: In the last decade or so, cyber attacks have grown in sophistication, frequency, and size. In fact, according to US News, “Data breaches and ID theft are still hitting records.” Recently, on July 4, while this blog was being drafted, Cybernews reported that a file containing 9,948,575,739 plain text passwords was posted on a hacker site by the user Obamacare. This file, known as the RockYou24 leak, was a compilation of passwords that were collected from 4000 databases over the last two decades. (Previously, the RockYou21 leak contained 8.5 billion of these same passwords.)

With these passwords, Cybernews explains that “threat actors could exploit the RockYou2024 password compilation to conduct brute-force attacks and gain unauthorized access to various online accounts used by individuals who employ passwords included in the dataset.”

Here are Some Other Startling Statistics About Cyber Crime:

The Cybersecurity Talent Gap is Expanding.

But perhaps one of the biggest challenge that cybersecurity professionals face is that there are not enough of them. That is, many organizations are struggling to fill critical positions. The global cybersecurity employment gap, which reached 4 million workers in 2023 (ISC2 2023), is expected to expand to 85 million by 2030.

The United States is one of those countries facing a shortage of cybersecurity professionals.

Interactive heatmap from cyberseek that provides information on cybersecurity jobs in the US.
This interactive heatmap by cyberseek provides both an overall and granular look into US cybersecurity jobs.

Between September 2022 and August 2023, 572,000 US jobs opened up in the cybersecurity industry. This number is up 74% from 2010.

And in the US, there were 1.18 million cybersecurity professionals employed between September 2022 and August 2023, which is also an an increase of 59% since 2010.

To help address this talent shortage, Michigan Tech is offering both online and in-person certificates in the Foundations of Cybersecurity, which start in Fall 2024. Students can complete this certificate or use the credits to dive deeper into cybersecurity and progress towards a master’s degree. They can choose from either Michigan Tech’s MS in Cybersecurity or the MS in Computer Science.

To be eligible for the program, applicants must have earned an undergraduate degree in computer science, computer engineering, or software engineering. The online application is free and requires no GMAT or GRE.

This certificate adds to the roster of MTU’s already respected cybersecurity research program, recognized nationally for its academic and research excellence. In fact, the US National Security Agency designated MTU as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Research (CAE-R). This CAE-R designation, establishing that Michigan Tech has met the rigorous requirements set forth by the NSA, extends through the 2029 academic year.

The Future Looks Bright for Those with Skills in the Foundations of Cybersecurity.

When it comes to cybersecurity professionals, there are several possible career paths.

Take the career of Information Security Analyst, for instance. A person in this role will have several responsibilities. They must use and maintain software, such as firewalls and data encryption programs, to protect sensitive information. In addition, they must check for vulnerabilities in computer and network systems; research the latest information technology (IT) security trends; and prepare reports that document general metrics, attempted attacks, and security breaches.

Being vigilant and proactive are also essential traits of this cybersecurity professional as they strive to develop security standards and best practices for their organization and timely recommend security enhancements. And they are also heavily involved with creating their organization’s disaster recovery plan, which IT employees must follow in case of emergency.

Because of the importance of these tasks, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts a need for several tens of thousands of these analysts, with a career growth of 32% (much faster than average.) And these jobs way well, too: the 2023 median salary of an information security analyst was $120,360.

Other Top-Paying Cybersecurity Jobs

  • Cybersecurity Analyst: $114,306
  • Cybersecurity Manager: $150,943 per year
  • Penetration and Vulnerability Tester: $124,424
  • Cybersecurity Architect: $147,142 per year
  • Cybersecurity Engineer: $131,768
  • Incident and Intrusion Analyst: $103,639
  • Cybersecurity Consultant: $124,275
  • Cyber Crime Analyst: $103,198
The US government employs several professionals trained in the foundations of cybersecurity.
The US government, which employs 11,000 cybersecurity professionals, advertised for 6000 jobs in 2023.

Educate Yourself to Meet the Growing Need for Cybersecurity Professionals.

The estimated loss of that 2017 WannaCry incident was about four billion dollars. That bill was just a drop in the bucket.

According to Cybersecurity Ventures, cyber crime is expected to grow by 15% a year in the next three years. What this prediction means is that cyber crime will cost the world $10.5 trillion annually by 2025. This figure includes damage and destruction of data, stolen money, lost productivity, theft of intellectual property, and other costs.

Professionals with training in the foundations of cybersecurity can not only save organizations a lot of money, then, but even save lives.

Yes lives. When a 2020 ransomware attack on Dusseldorf University Hospital (Germany) caused its IT systems to fail (30 servers!), the hospital could not admit emergency patients. As a result, staff directed a critically ill woman who needed immediate care to another hospital about 20 miles away. This delay in treatment, which contributed to the patient’s death, is often cited as the first death resulting from a cyber attack.

It is obvious that the costs of cybercrime , which are immense, multifaceted, and global, impact economies, organizations, and individuals. Because of these costs, cybersecurity professionals are needed across every sector and industry. But there is a particularly urgent need for them in financial services, health care, government, national security, manufacturing, and retail.

And the growing sophistication of cyber threats and the increasing reliance on digital technologies suggest that these costs will continue to rise, highlighting the crucial demands for both robust cybersecurity measures and the highly skilled and trained professionals to enact them.

Get Started on Your Foundations of Cybersecurity Certificate at MTU.

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Three Ways Statistics Impact Elections

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Statistics are involved in several stages of the election process.

125: that is the number of days until US Election Day, 2024. On November 5, the 47th president of the United States will be decided. So while campaigns are in full swing, and pollsters are making predictions, this blog focuses on the role of statistics in the election process.

At their most basic, elections allow citizens to exercise representative democracy by selecting individuals to occupy public office. Those selected then make critical decisions that impact citizens. And these ballots that officials tally are then transformed into statistical data, ultimately determining the election’s result.

However, statistics play a part in the election process long before voters cast their ballots. That is, officials use statistics to forecast election results, inform campaign strategy, and micro-target individuals.

An understanding of how statistics are used in elections, then, can enhance transparency for voters, as well as encourage all citizens to advocate for data privacy and security. Additionally, those interested in mathematics, statistical applications, and political science might be interested in learning about how statistics impact elections.

Statistics in Politics

Throughout history, statistics have played an important role in politics. Government bodies used statistics in the election process to support the formal decision-making processes that determine who will fill offices in the legislature. However, technological advancements, the accumulation of data, and the maturation of statistical models have made elections increasingly complex.

For example, in the past, politicians and their supporters would cast a wider net when campaigning for votes. But today, data analytics and digital resources allow parties to collect information about the public and then hyper-personalize campaign targeting. As a result, modern elections require statistical experts who can manage and leverage data while maintaining ethical standards related to trust, security, and privacy.

Below are the most obvious three ways that statistics impact elections.

Election Forecasts

Those creating election forecasts use legally available data and statistics to inform the public about the probable outcome of an upcoming election. Political statisticians recruit this data, along with reporting, historical patterns, and academic research to create a detailed account of the Senate and House forecasts.

In the United States, this process includes disclosing the favored party, estimating the number of seats in each House, and predicting whether the outcome will result in a majority government. In short, statisticians use a forecasting model to transform large data sets into meaningful predictions for future outcomes

How to Build an Election Forecast Model

  • Create a national database.
  • Clean and layer the data.
  • Plug the data points into a predictive model for forecasting.

Forecasting in Action

FiveThirtyEight is a website that uses statistics to predict election results.
The homepage of FiveThirtyEight on June 26, 2024

The popular website FiveThirtyEight, created by American statistician Nate Silver, is a staple of ABC News. The website’s primary objectives are advancing public knowledge and promoting transparency around voting outcomes.

To achieve these aims, it uses polling, economic, and demographic data to explore likely election outcomes. It also employs statisticians to build empirical statistical models for accurate election forecasts.

After the data is collected, experts then input it into Nate Silver’s forecast model. This model, which combines polling, economic, and demographic data, aims to provide an informed prediction rather than an unskilled guess.

And the website regularly updates its predictions too. For instance, on June 26, 2024, the site, after running 100 simulations, predicted that President Joe Biden and Donald Trump each had a 50% chance of winning the election. However, on July 2, 538 changed the prediction to 50% for Trump and 49% for Biden. And as the election nears, and uncertainty decreases, 538 claims its predictions will grow more accurate. This site exemplifies just one popular election forecast tool.

Election Campaign Strategy

The use of statistics in election campaigning has also changed dramatically. That is, historically, the only data that politicians and their supporters used to garner insights was that derived from the polls. In recent years, however, data and statistics have revolutionized election campaigns.

Today’s data-driven world offers campaign strategists a surplus of data points about past elections, voter preferences, and geopolitical influences. In addition, new communication platforms, such as social media, allow campaigns to profile their voters’ identities and needs. Statisticians can also harness publicly available data to inform campaign messaging, political priorities, and outreach.

Campaign research allows parties to investigate target audiences’ behaviors, attitudes, values, and beliefs to test campaign messaging, creativity, and delivery. According to The Commons Social Change Library, statisticians use the following quantitative and qualitative research methods to inform campaign strategy.

Quantitative Campaign Strategy Research

  • Benchmark Polls
  • Issue Polls
  • Longitudinal Surveys
  • Member Surveys
  • CATI (computer-assisted telephone interview) polls
  • Dial-testing

Qualitative Campaign Strategy Research

  • Deep dive interviews
  • Face-to-face focus groups
  • Online focus groups
  • Online communities

Once the previous research is complete, campaigners then test various messages. Alternatively, they might test the gap between their voters’ current stances and the desirable action. This job is a laborious one. Campaigners must strive for creating winning messages that make impactful arguments, define important issues, expose the opposition’s weak points, and tell compelling narratives.

Statisticians with a marketing background may excel in this area of research and persuasion. Why? They already have the foundational skills needed to create data-driven campaign strategies, from initial research to distribution.

Microtargeting in Elections

Before advanced data and statistics, campaigns often involved grass-roots approaches. These included direct mail, home visits, radio, television, and out-of-home marketing campaigns (ex., billboards, posters, etc.). Today, campaigns can leverage social media, digital marketing, and advanced data analytics to reach voters on their devices and tailor personalized messaging. This latter strategy is otherwise known as microtargeting.

Social media apps collect information and statistics on users in order to create targeted, personalized messaging.
Social media apps collect information on users to create personalized messages.

In microtargeting, the audience is segmented into specific groups, with each group receiving a message that speaks to their likes and needs. This profiling, though, is not new.

Consumers are already accustomed to online stores such as Amazon, as well as social media (TikTok, Facebook) understanding their preferences.

For instance, you purchase one book and Amazon recommends a similar one. You buy running shoes (a lot) and you’re now in a fitness/running channel.

Similarly, political parties and election campaigns use microtargeting to communicate with voters about their initiatives. The goal is influencing voting outcomes in their favor.

How Microtargeting Works

Micro-targeting uses statistics in a similar manner to that of election forecasting. First, statisticians collect and clean data points from a national database. Then, they layer on publicly available information, including email addresses, phone numbers, employment, education, purchasing patterns, IP addresses, etc.

Next, statisticians use predictive models to indicate for whom a voter is likely to vote and how likely a voter is to change their voting preference. These models also predict how lifestyle choices, such as being single or married, might affect voting behaviors. Statisticians also investigate how voters’ values align with topical issues like gun control, the climate crisis, abortion, immigration, and so on.

After the analysis comes the categorization. Each group is sorted into different channels. Each audience (channel) then receives personalized campaign messaging based on their beliefs and inclinations. The purpose is delivering the right campaign message, to the right voter, at the right time. (At its roots, microtargeting is a very deliberate form of kairos. In rhetoric, kairos is the identification of the critical moment to deliver a finely tuned persuasive message or to take an action.)

The Risks of Microtargeting

Advanced microtargeting, of course, has its downsides. Take the most famous example, which began in 2014. Cambridge Analytica, a political consulting firm, obtained the private Facebook data of tens of millions of users. It then unethically sold psychological profiles of American voters to political campaigns.

How did this microtargeting scam work? 270,000 Facebook users played with the supposedly innocuous personality profile app called “This Is Your Digital Life.” This app, created by scientist and psychologist Alexsandr Kogan, allegedly collected 5,000 data points from each participant.

What’s worse: participants didn’t read between the lines. When users gave this third-party app permission to acquire their data, they also gave the app access to their friends’ networks. The more friends = the more data exposed.

Kogan then sold this data to Cambridge Analytica. As a result, the company illegally compiled the data of about 87 million users who had not explicitly given Cambridge Analytica permission. The firm then used up to 50 million profiles for their predictive modeling. At the very least, the app developer breached Facebook’s terms of service by giving the data to Cambridge Analytica. After investigations began, the incident started a heated, nationwide conversation about the ethical principles of data, political targeting, and power. And about Facebook, data security, and cybersecurity.

Study Applied Statistics at Michigan Tech.

Election campaigning and increased microtargeting are very much still with us. Therefore, firms that generate value from personal data must consider the ways they acquire it, share it, protect it, and profit from it. Statisticians who work for these firms must also stay in line with ongoing legislative efforts that respect users’ privacy and security.

Curious about how statistics make a difference in elections? Are you fascinated by the data-driven side of political science? Do you want to ensure statistics are collected ethically? Alternatively, maybe you’re interested in developing the skills for collecting data and using applied statistics in business, government, finance, insurance companies, and more.

If you answered yes to these questions, Michigan Technological University’s Online MS in Applied Statistics offers students foundational knowledge in statistical science and methods while utilizing the latest industry-standard statistical and data analysis software. After graduation, you can set yourself apart in the competitive workforce with not only specialized skills, but also the accountability to act with integrity, honesty, and diligence.

And statistics jobs pay well, too. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that, as of 2023, the median annual wage for a statistician was $104,860. Furthermore, the projected average growth rate through 2032 for jobs in these fields is 30%. That’s four times higher than the projection for all occupations in the same timeframe.

Upskill for the future with Michigan Tech’s Online MS in Applied Statistics.

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Rev Up Your ICE Knowledge With New Program From MTU and USCAR

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A diesel engine, one type of ICE or internal combustion engine.

Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) Are Definitely Sticking Around.

Very Important Note: The author constructed this blog with the helpful, substantive input and the important, factual content (and snappy title) from these two Michigan Tech staff, writers, and people: Kimberley Geiger, director of Communications for the College of Engineering; and Donna Jeno-Amici, coordinator of Research and Marketing at the Department of Engineering-Engineering Mechanics.

Discover the Latest Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) Breakthroughs.

Michigan Tech is proud to announce an expansion of graduate-level course offerings in the specialized area of internal combustion engines (ICE). These courses will be available on campus at Michigan Tech, as well as online at MTU Global Campus.

Students can enroll in these courses individually if they require expertise in a certain ICE area. Or they can take several to create a graduate certificate that provides more advanced, specialized knowledge in internal combustion engines. Currently, the Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics is developing a 15-course ICE graduate certificate. Alternatively, those interested may pursue an MS in Mechanical Engineering with a focus area on ICE.

And as with all graduate programs, the online application is free. And no GRE is required.

Enroll in Summer Classes.

Wasting no time, the ME-EM department is offering these courses right away. In fact, there are a few graduate-level offerings on deck for Summer 2024 and one brand-new course for Fall 2024.

Summer 2024 Courses

  • SI Engine Fundamentals (MEEM 5201): June 19-21, 2024, lab course
  • SI Engine Controls (MEEM 5203): July 10-12, 2024, lab course
  • Online Thermodynamics Refresher (MEEM 3990): June 10 – Aug. 8, 2024

New Offering for Fall 2024

  • Thermodynamics for Engine Systems (MEEM 5990) is available, along with our existing courses.

These courses could fill soon, so we recommend that you contact Jeff Naber at jnaber@mtu.edu for more information.

Learn From ICE Industry Experts.

These courses have been developed in collaboration with Dr. Andrea Strzelec, Sr. Research Scientist at USCAR. Strzelec, FSAE, holds a Ph.D. in Combustion Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Engine Research Center. She specializes in transportation and fuels, as well as engine research. Formerly the program director of Masters of Engineering in Engine Systems at the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering, Strzelec is lending her substantial expertise to Michigan Tech to launch this new engines-focused program.

USCAR, the United States Council for Automotive Research, is an umbrella organization facilitating pre-competitive research and development collaboration for Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Stellantis. Its main objective is strengthening the U.S. auto industry’s technology base. It does so by promoting cooperative research efforts, reducing costs, supporting regulatory compliance, and accelerating the development of advanced technologies. Another of USCAR’s goals is keeping the U.S. automotive industry globally competitive.

This new graduate program will not only provide Michigan Tech students with both foundational and specialized ICE knowledge and skills, but also prepare them for advances in the US automotive industry.

Acquire Practical ICE Expertise and Skills.

Despite the move towards electrification and advances in battery technology, the world still needs internal combustion engines. For those unfamiliar with the technology, ICEs generate power by burning fuel inside a confined space (combustion chamber). The combustion process then releases energy, which is converted into mechanical work to move a vehicle or operate machinery. These engines generally run on gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and biofuels.

ICEs are known for their low cost, broad availability, durability, and high performance. They also have a rich research and development history. That is, ICEs have been improved and refined over several years. Besides working on lowering emissions and increasing fuel efficiency, researchers and engineers have made advances in engine design, control systems, and fuel compatibility.

Most importantly, these engines reliably provide high power and torque, features especially important in military, industrial, and other heavy-duty applications. The US military, in fact, uses diesel engines (one type of ICE) in nearly all of its ground vehicles because diesel fuel is less flammable and has a high energy density.

Furthermore, IC engines still feature prominently in automobiles, marine vessels, and aircraft. They also power a lot of portable equipment (lawn mowers, chainsaws) as well as some standby generators. And many hybrid vehicles still use ICEs in conjunction with electric motors, leveraging the benefits of both technologies to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

For instance, take the new Formula 1 proposed post-2026 regulations. Along with cars that are 30% lighter as well as more aerodynamic and agile, FIA is proposing a power unit redesign that is “an even split between internal combustion engine and electric power plus the use of 100% sustainable fuels.” That is, even a plan for the sustainable future of elite race car driving involves ICEs.

Reach Out About the New ICE Program.

In short, for several applications, ICEs are likely to remain relevant for the foreseeable future.

For additional details on these courses and the new ICE graduate programs from ME-EM, please contact

To learn about all MS online programs, please visit MTU Global Campus.

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Bridging Business and STEM

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The online Tech MBA program helps people bridge business and STEM.
Engineering and tech companies seek graduates with STEM and business administration expertise.

Discover the Online Tech MBA® and MEM Programs.

The College of Business and Michigan Tech Global Campus are teaming up to hold another virtual interest session on two of MTU’s most popular online programs: The Tech MBA® and the Master of Engineering Management (MEM).

They will be holding another 45-minute virtual interest session on Wednesday, July 17, at 11:30 AM (ET).

Mari Buche, associate Dean of the College of Business and program director; and David Lawrence, vice president for Global Campus and continuing education will lead the presentation. They will highlight and compare these programs, explaining which one is best for you. The team will also provide examples of curriculum pathways and discuss career opportunities.

The Michigan Tech’s Global Campus small but mighty team of admissions representatives (Amanda Irwin and Jacque Smith) will also be present to discuss the application process and accelerated options.

Get an Accredited, Respected Degree.

The Tech MBA® and MEM are not new, though. For several years, the in-person versions of these programs have long been respected at MTU. The Tech MBA in its current form (30 credits) began in 2017 whereas the online format was rolled out in 2022. Next came the in-person and online versions of the MEM (2020, 2023).

Both programs are also accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International (AACSB), an honor bestowed on only 5% of the nations’s business schools.

And like their in-person equivalents, the online MBA and MEM programs meet a strict set of standards, ensuring quality in curriculum, rigor, and research.

The Online Tech MBA® is a highly structured program consisting of eight required courses and two electives. In contrast, the MEM degree is more flexible. Students get to build their own programs, combining 4-6 business courses with 4-6 engineering courses.

Both programs provide learning experiences that fuse technological expertise and business administration. Students get to leverage their previous engineering experience, regardless of their field, and/or their former engineering management expertise. They also gain the cross-disciplinary advantage of studying at a school known for not only for its technology and business programs, but also for its Faculty who have leadership and industry experience in tech-centric fields.

Graduates of both programs will leave equipped with critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, project management, and leadership skills. As a result, they are more than prepared to tackle marketing, management, technical sales, leadership, strategy, and entrepreneurship positions. 

Prepare Yourself for Career Opportunities.

Incomes differ, but an investopedia article notes that MBA graduates who specialize in consulting, finances, and technology management earn the most. And according to one Fortune article, the median salaries for those with MBA degrees are substantially higher than those without them. One report ascribes 1.2 million dollars in extra income over a 20-year period.

Also, many organizations seek out and respect MBA holders. In fact, the Graduate Management Admissions Council (GMAC) found that 89% of employers planned to hire MBA graduates in 2021.

And MBA holders apply their skills and expertise in several fields. For instance, in Finance and Accounting, they might work as accounting managers, finance managers, financial analysts, budget analysts, and investment bankers. Whereas in heathcare, they might take on the roles of healthcare administrators and medical health service managers. Still others move to manufacturing where they act as managers for operations, supply chain, quality control, and more.

Typically, MBA programs are one of the most expensive master’s programs, with an average tuition cost of about 56k. This number does not include fees, books, and so on. Michigan Tech’s accredited program, which costs less, is definitely a value.

Learn More!

Prefer to do your own research? We’ve compiled other reasons for earning an advanced degree and pursuing an MBA.

Want to dive deeper? Ask more questions? Please join us at our virtual interest session on the Tech MBA®and MEM programs on Wednesday, July 15, 11:30 AM at ET. Bring your curiosity and your questions.

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GIScience for Natural Resources: New Online Grad Cert. From CFRES

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Dr. Parth Bhattin the field doing GIScience work.

Dr. Parth Bhatt at work.

Coming in Fall 2024, the College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science (CFRES) will be offering a new online graduate certificate: Foundations in Geographic Information Science (GIScience) for Natural Resources. Taught by Dr. Parth Bhatt, Associate Teaching Professor / Researcher at CFRES, this certificate consists of three foundational courses. They are GIS for Natural Resource Management (4 credits), Map Design With GIS (3 credits), and GPS Field Techniques (2 credits).

This certificate is the first of three that will form CFRES’s new online master’s degree in GIScience (currently under development). The others will be Advanced Geographic Information Science for Natural Resources and Remote Sensing for Natural Resources. These two will comprise rigorous courses in Python, Applied Spatial Statistics, GIS Project Management, Advanced Terrestrial Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and more. In other words, this online MS degree will equip graduates with a rich, varied skill set in GIScience. They will also acquire a holistic, deep understanding of the spatial dimensions of the world.

For a decade, CFRES has offered a respected, in-person MGIS. Like its predecessor, this interdisciplinary online master’s degree will emphasize practical skills in spatial visualization and analysis. Students will use real-world datasets and state-of-the-art GIS software and techniques to take on challenges in forestry, natural resources, and other disciplines.

The reputation of CFRES, the program’s emphasis on natural resources, and its robust curriculum promise to make this program a highly esteemed online GIS master’s degree. Global Campus is thrilled to be involved with it!

Applying GIScience in Forestry and Natural Resources

If you’re not familiar with Geographic Information Science, it is an exciting, growing, multidisciplinary field. It focuses on the study of geographic information, spatial data, as well as their applications. Combining principles from geography, computer science, mathematics, and other disciplines, GIScience has the ambitious goal of understanding, analyzing, and modelling the spatial aspects of the world.

GIS, or Geographical Information Systems, focuses on the what: the hardware and software that capture geographic information. In contrast, GIScience, focuses on the why: finding practical ways to improve GIS data, software, and professional practice.

This certificate and upcoming MGIS will provide fundamental GIScience expertise to foresters and natural resource experts. In Natural Resource Management, for example, professionals use GIScience for several purposes:

  • resource inventory and mapping
  • environmental impact assessment
  • habitat modeling and conservation planning
  • natural disaster management
  • sustainable land use planning
A forest, which is often managed by natural resource experts with GIScience experience.
GIScience is often used in forest management.

Take resource inventory and mapping. Natural resource managers turn to GIScience to create detailed inventories and maps of natural resources. This data then allows them to analyze the distribution and abundance of resources within an area: forest stands, wetlands, mineral deposits, endangered species habitats, and other important ecological features.

Alternatively, in habitat modeling and conservation planning, experts use GIScience tools to analyze the suitability of habitats for different species. This suitability is based on environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, elevation, and vegetation cover. GIScience, in short, is crucial to conservation planning. It can help identify critical habitats, corridors for wildlife movement, and areas for habitat restoration or protection.

Solving Multiple Problems With GIScience

First and foremost, GIScience offers practical skills and tools for professionals in several natural resource fields. These include GIS Analysts/Technicians, foresters, civil and environmental engineers, spatial/transportation planners, wildlife ecologists, forest analysts, surveyors, geospatial specialists, water resources analysts, environmental scientists, geologists, community forest specialists, and urban forestry technicians.

Several, in fact, turn to this toolkit regularly. One previous alum from the in-person MGIS now works as a Senior GIS Analyst. In this role for Pine Gate Renewables, he uses GIS and Remote Sensing daily. These tools help him to identify risks for setting up solar farms, creating hydrology models, and locating wetlands.

Another alum with broad responsibilities also confirmed the daily use of GIScience. He oversees the creation of maps, spatial data analysis, surveying projects, data checks on road segments, and storm water analysis “to create pervious and impervious classification.” This person also admits to “diligently maintaining maps detailing water infrastructure” and managing and reviewing “various city assets, ensuring their accuracy and reliability through spatial data analysis.”

In other words, these alumni regularly manage several responsibilities with GIScience and Remote Sensing.

Contending With Climate Change

Regardless of their discipline, GIScience can also equip professionals with the tools and the strategies to predict and combat the effects of climate change.

This skillset is especially relevant now: 2023 was the warmest year on record. (The temperature was 1.18°C [2.12°F] above the 20th-century average of 13.9°C [57.0°F]. In fact, the last ten warmest years in the 174-year record have all occurred between 2014 and 2023. And with a heating planet come more impactful environmental events: floods, extreme weather, drought, and forest fires.

According to NOAA, 2023 also set another record–for natural disasters. During this year, there were 28 devastating weather and climate disasters. The price tag for these events was almost 93 billon dollars.

For contending with climate change’s effects, then, GIScience can aid with hazard mapping, risk assessment, and emergency response planning. For instance, by analyzing spatial data related to factors such as terrain, vegetation, hydrology, and population density, professionals can identify areas prone to natural hazards. Whether these are floods, wildfires, and landslides, experts can develop strategies to mitigate risks and respond effectively during emergencies.

The Pakistan Flood Events

Dr. Parth Bhatt, himself, used GI Science to document the effects of Pakistan’s historic floods, which lasted from June 15 to October 2022.

A map of the Pakistan floods made with GIScience.
Map of the area affected by the floods in Pakistan.
A flooded street in a Pakistani province.
Citizens traverse a flooded street in Pakistan.

In these devastating flood events, waters inundated more than one million homes. The flood hit all four of the country’s provinces, resulting in at least two million houses destroyed.

In total, 33 million people were directly affected with 20.6 million requiring urgent humanitarian assistance. (Unfortunately, nine months later, the monsoons brought more flooding, further exacerbating the crisis.)

Looking Ahead to the Future of GIScience

GIScience, in short, can help professionals in many fields manage the world’s resources, plan infrastructure, mitigate and plan for natural hazards, and combat (or prepare for) the effects of climate change, and more.

However, its tools are also becoming increasingly integral in fields beyond traditional domains like urban planning and environmental science.

As GIScience “continues to evolve and adapt to new demands, its impact on industries and disciplines worldwide is set to expand. As such, it will drive “transformative change and unlocking new possibilities for spatial analysis and decision-making” (GIS Analyst II). For instance, some of the newer industries hiring GIS experts are construction, engineering, insurance, real estate, and oil and gas.

One Senior GIS Specialist (Pine Gate Renewables) further confirmed that in the solar industry, there are more people being hired with a GIScience background than there were before. More professionals use “GIS and remote sensing to help identify issues, notice change over time, help drive decisions, and keep projects moving forward.”

Another expert stated that proficiencies in ArcGIS, QGIS, Python, R, and Javscript are becoming increasingly essential in GIS specialist roles.

From agriculture to healthcare, smart cities to disaster management, GIS and Remote Sensing are revolutionizing how we analyze spatial data, make informed decisions, and address complex challenges. Integration with emerging technologies like AI, along with a focus on environmental monitoring, public health, and conservation, underscores their pivotal role in shaping a more sustainable and interconnected world.

GIS Analyst II, Metro Consulting Associates

Learning From a Passionate Teacher

And it’s not just what you will learn in these programs but who you will learn it from. That is, Foundations in GI Science for Natural Resources (and the online MGIS) are both helmed and taught by Dr. Parth Bhatt, whose passion for the subject was covered in a previous blog.

Bhatt’s portfolio of GIScience skills is also diverse: he has expertise in Geographical Information Systems, remote sensing, digital image processing (Multispectral, LiDAR, UAV, Hyperspectral), land use/cover mapping, invasive species mapping, forest health and natural resource management, spatial data analysis, and Web GIS/ArcGIS Online.

Most recently, he has received a grant to put these skills to work: acting as a PI on research projects for The Nature Conservancy in Michigan.

Dr. Parth Bhatt in the classroom, teaching GI Science.
Dr. Parth Bhatt in the classroom

Bhatt has also been instructing the very popular, noncredit, professional development course, Python for Modern GIS and Remote Sensing. This course, which runs several times a year, has had rave reviews.

Taking the Next Steps

If you’d like to learn more about GIScience or you require more information about the Online GIS Certificate from CFRES, please contact Program Director Parth Bhatt (ppbhatt@mtu.edu).

Alternatively, reach out to Program Assistant Marjorie Banovetz (marjorie@mtu.edu).

There is still plenty of time to get started for Fall 2024 and develop your versatile GIS toolkit! And accelerated options are also available.

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